众所周知，现代神经网络容易受到对抗例子的影响。为了减轻这个问题，已经提出了一系列强大的学习算法。但是，尽管通过某些方法可以通过某些方法接近稳定的训练误差，但所有现有的算法都会导致较高的鲁棒概括误差。在本文中，我们从深层神经网络的表达能力的角度提供了对这种令人困惑的现象的理论理解。具体而言，对于二进制分类数据，我们表明，对于Relu网络，虽然轻度的过度参数足以满足较高的鲁棒训练精度，但存在持续的稳健概括差距，除非神经网络的大小是指数的，却是指数的。数据维度$ d $。即使数据是线性可分离的，这意味着要实现低清洁概括错误很容易，我们仍然可以证明$ \ exp（{\ omega}（d））$下限可用于鲁棒概括。通常，只要它们的VC维度最多是参数数量，我们的指数下限也适用于各种神经网络家族和其他功能类别。此外，我们为网络大小建立了$ \ exp（{\ mathcal {o}}（k））$的改进的上限，当数据放在具有内在尺寸$ k $的歧管上时，以实现低鲁棒的概括错误（$） k \ ll d $）。尽管如此，我们也有一个下限，相对于$ k $成倍增长 - 维度的诅咒是不可避免的。通过证明网络大小之间的指数分离以实现较低的鲁棒训练和泛化错误，我们的结果表明，鲁棒概括的硬度可能源于实用模型的表现力。

隐藏的社区是最近提出的一个有用的概念，用于社交网络分析。为了处理网络规模的快速增长，在这项工作中，我们从本地角度探讨了隐藏社区的检测，并提出了一种在从原始网络采样的子程目上迭代地检测和提升每个层的新方法。我们首先将根据我们修改的本地频谱方法从单个种子节点展开种子集，并检测初始占主导地位的本地社区。然后，我们暂时删除该社区的成员以及它们与其他节点的连接，并检测剩余子图中的所有邻居社区，包括一些“破坏社区”，该部分仅包含原始网络中的一部分成员。当地社区和邻里社区形成了一个主导层，通过减少这些社区内的边缘权重，我们削弱了这一层的结构来揭示隐藏的层。最终，我们重复整个过程，并且可以迭代地检测并升级包含种子节点的所有社区。理论上我们展示了我们的方法可以避免破碎的社区和当地社区被认为是子图中的一个社区的某些情况，导致对全球隐藏的社区检测方法可能引起的检测不准确。广泛的实验表明，我们的方法可以显着优于为全球隐藏社区检测或多个本地社区检测设计的最先进的基线。

与此同时，黑匣子对抗攻击已经吸引了令人印象深刻的注意，在深度学习安全领域的实际应用，同时，由于无法访问目标模型的网络架构或内部权重，非常具有挑战性。基于假设：如果一个例子对多种型号保持过逆势，那么它更有可能将攻击能力转移到其他模型，基于集合的对抗攻击方法是高效的，用于黑匣子攻击。然而，集合攻击的方式相当不那么调查，并且现有的集合攻击只是均匀地融合所有型号的输出。在这项工作中，我们将迭代集合攻击视为随机梯度下降优化过程，其中不同模型上梯度的变化可能导致众多局部Optima差。为此，我们提出了一种新的攻击方法，称为随机方差减少了整体（SVRE）攻击，这可以降低集合模型的梯度方差，并充分利用集合攻击。标准想象数据集的经验结果表明，所提出的方法可以提高对抗性可转移性，并且优于现有的集合攻击显着。

Previous work has shown the potential of deep learning to predict renal obstruction using kidney ultrasound images. However, these image-based classifiers have been trained with the goal of single-visit inference in mind. We compare methods from video action recognition (i.e. convolutional pooling, LSTM, TSM) to adapt single-visit convolutional models to handle multiple visit inference. We demonstrate that incorporating images from a patient's past hospital visits provides only a small benefit for the prediction of obstructive hydronephrosis. Therefore, inclusion of prior ultrasounds is beneficial, but prediction based on the latest ultrasound is sufficient for patient risk stratification.

Many real-world applications of language models (LMs), such as code autocomplete and writing assistance, involve human-LM interaction, but the main LM benchmarks are non-interactive, where a system produces output without human intervention. To evaluate human-LM interaction, we develop a framework, Human-AI Language-based Interaction Evaluation (H-LINE), that expands non-interactive evaluation along three dimensions, capturing (i) the interactive process, not only the final output; (ii) the first-person subjective experience, not just a third-party assessment; and (iii) notions of preference beyond quality. We then design five tasks ranging from goal-oriented to open-ended to capture different forms of interaction. On four state-of-the-art LMs (three variants of OpenAI's GPT-3 and AI21's J1-Jumbo), we find that non-interactive performance does not always result in better human-LM interaction and that first-person and third-party metrics can diverge, suggesting the importance of examining the nuances of human-LM interaction.

Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are supermassive black holes with luminous accretion disks found in some galaxies, and are thought to play an important role in galaxy evolution. However, traditional optical spectroscopy for identifying AGN requires time-intensive observations. We train a convolutional neural network (CNN) to distinguish AGN host galaxies from non-active galaxies using a sample of 210,000 Sloan Digital Sky Survey galaxies. We evaluate the CNN on 33,000 galaxies that are spectrally classified as composites, and find correlations between galaxy appearances and their CNN classifications, which hint at evolutionary processes that affect both galaxy morphology and AGN activity. With the advent of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory, Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, and other wide-field imaging telescopes, deep learning methods will be instrumental for quickly and reliably shortlisting AGN samples for future analyses.

Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) refers to clinician-performed and interpreted ultrasonography at the patient's bedside. Interpreting these images requires a high level of expertise, which may not be available during emergencies. In this paper, we support POCUS by developing classifiers that can aid medical professionals by diagnosing whether or not a patient has pneumothorax. We decomposed the task into multiple steps, using YOLOv4 to extract relevant regions of the video and a 3D sparse coding model to represent video features. Given the difficulty in acquiring positive training videos, we trained a small-data classifier with a maximum of 15 positive and 32 negative examples. To counteract this limitation, we leveraged subject matter expert (SME) knowledge to limit the hypothesis space, thus reducing the cost of data collection. We present results using two lung ultrasound datasets and demonstrate that our model is capable of achieving performance on par with SMEs in pneumothorax identification. We then developed an iOS application that runs our full system in less than 4 seconds on an iPad Pro, and less than 8 seconds on an iPhone 13 Pro, labeling key regions in the lung sonogram to provide interpretable diagnoses.

State-of-the-art pre-trained language models (PLMs) outperform other models when applied to the majority of language processing tasks. However, PLMs have been found to degrade in performance under distribution shift, a phenomenon that occurs when data at test-time does not come from the same distribution as the source training set. Equally as challenging is the task of obtaining labels in real-time due to issues like long-labeling feedback loops. The lack of adequate methods that address the aforementioned challenges constitutes the need for approaches that continuously adapt the PLM to a distinct distribution. Unsupervised domain adaptation adapts a source model to an unseen as well as unlabeled target domain. While some techniques such as data augmentation can adapt models in several scenarios, they have only been sparsely studied for addressing the distribution shift problem. In this work, we present an approach (MEMO-CL) that improves the performance of PLMs at test-time under distribution shift. Our approach takes advantage of the latest unsupervised techniques in data augmentation and adaptation to minimize the entropy of the PLM's output distribution. MEMO-CL operates on a batch of augmented samples from a single observation in the test set. The technique introduced is unsupervised, domain-agnostic, easy to implement, and requires no additional data. Our experiments result in a 3% improvement over current test-time adaptation baselines.

Fine-grained population maps are needed in several domains, like urban planning, environmental monitoring, public health, and humanitarian operations. Unfortunately, in many countries only aggregate census counts over large spatial units are collected, moreover, these are not always up-to-date. We present POMELO, a deep learning model that employs coarse census counts and open geodata to estimate fine-grained population maps with 100m ground sampling distance. Moreover, the model can also estimate population numbers when no census counts at all are available, by generalizing across countries. In a series of experiments for several countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the maps produced with POMELOare in good agreement with the most detailed available reference counts: disaggregation of coarse census counts reaches R2 values of 85-89%; unconstrained prediction in the absence of any counts reaches 48-69%.

The SNMMI Artificial Intelligence (SNMMI-AI) Summit, organized by the SNMMI AI Task Force, took place in Bethesda, MD on March 21-22, 2022. It brought together various community members and stakeholders from academia, healthcare, industry, patient representatives, and government (NIH, FDA), and considered various key themes to envision and facilitate a bright future for routine, trustworthy use of AI in nuclear medicine. In what follows, essential issues, challenges, controversies and findings emphasized in the meeting are summarized.